Correct: A. Portugal

The Carnation Revolution was a military coup coupled with an extraordinary campaign of civil resistance that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in Portugal. The revolution began on April 25, 1974, initiated by left-leaning military officers known as the Armed Forces Movement. It derived its name from the fact that almost no shots were fired; instead, civilians placed red carnations in the muzzles of soldiers' rifles.

Correct: D. James II

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a relatively bloodless transition of power in which King James II of England was deposed by a union of English Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange. James's Catholicism and his ties with France had deeply alienated the English Protestant majority. The revolution firmly established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown, leading to the creation of the English Bill of Rights in 1689.

Correct: B. Kenya

The Mau Mau Uprising was a protracted and bloody rebellion against British colonial rule in Kenya, primarily driven by the Kikuyu people. The conflict arose from severe economic marginalization and the confiscation of indigenous land by white British settlers. While the British successfully suppressed the military insurgency, the enormous financial and political costs of the war accelerated Kenya's path to independence in 1963.

Correct: B. The Baltic states

The Singing Revolution was a series of events from 1987 to 1991 that led to the restoration of independence for the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The movement heavily utilized mass singing of banned national songs and hymns as a form of nonviolent resistance against Soviet occupation. In 1989, approximately two million people joined hands to form a 600-kilometer human chain known as the 'Baltic Way' to demand independence.

Correct: D. Chiapas

The Zapatista uprising began on January 1, 1994, the exact day the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. Based in the impoverished southern state of Chiapas, the EZLN consists primarily of rural Indigenous Maya people fighting for land reform, indigenous rights, and autonomy. They viewed globalization and NAFTA as a 'death sentence' for indigenous farmers who could not compete with heavily subsidized US agriculture.

Correct: B. Committee of Union and Progress

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 was a major political reform movement that forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Ottoman constitution and parliament. The uprising was spearheaded by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), a secretive organization of progressive military officers and intellectuals. The revolution successfully established the Second Constitutional Era, attempting to modernize the rapidly decaying Ottoman Empire.

Correct: D. The younger brother of Jesus Christ

The Taiping Rebellion (18501864) was a massive civil war waged against the ruling Qing dynasty. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ambitious civil service exam failure who experienced visions and became convinced he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ. He established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and amassed a massive army of peasants facing severe famine and economic crisis.

Correct: B. Berlin

The Spartacist Uprising was a general strike and armed rebellion in Berlin from January 5 to 12, 1919. The uprising was led by the Spartacus League, a Marxist revolutionary movement that included prominent figures like Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. The attempt to overthrow the post-WWI Weimar Republic failed miserably when the moderate government utilized right-wing paramilitary groups (the Freikorps) to brutally crush the rebellion.

Correct: D. The Paris Commune

Following the devastating defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War and the collapse of Napoleon III's empire, the working-class citizens of Paris rose up to form their own radical socialist government known as the Paris Commune. For two months in the spring of 1871, the Communards implemented progressive policies such as the separation of church and state, the abolition of child labor, and the remission of rents. The Commune was eventually crushed by the regular French army during the 'Bloody Week,' resulting in the massacre of thousands of revolutionaries.

Correct: A. Afrikaans

The Soweto Uprising was a series of massive demonstrations led by black school children in South Africa that began on June 16, 1976. The protests were triggered by a government decree forcing all black schools to use Afrikaans-the language of the white minority government-as the medium of instruction alongside English. The police responded to the peaceful march with tear gas and live ammunition, killing hundreds of students and sparking a massive turning point in the global anti-apartheid struggle.

Correct: A. Iran

The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms launched in 1963 by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Designed to aggressively modernize the country and prevent a communist uprising, the bloodless 'White' revolution included massive land reforms, infrastructure expansion, and the enfranchisement of women. However, the rapid Westernization and aggressive secular policies deeply alienated the traditional clergy and the rural poor, ultimately laying the groundwork for the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

Correct: C. Prime Minister Rafic Hariri

The Cedar Revolution was a wave of massive demonstrations in Lebanon that began in February 2005. The primary trigger was the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in a massive car bombing, which many Lebanese citizens and international observers blamed on the Syrian government. The intense public pressure and massive nonviolent protests successfully forced Syria to completely withdraw its military forces from Lebanon, ending a 29-year occupation.

Correct: A. 1919

The May Fourth Movement was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement that grew out of massive student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. The students were furious over the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, which allowed Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by Germany after WWI. This movement marked a massive upsurge in Chinese nationalism and a shift toward political mobilization, severely undermining traditional Confucian values in favor of modernization.

Correct: B. Tarana Burke

The 'Me Too' movement is a global social movement against sexual abuse and sexual harassment, heavily utilizing social media to expose widespread predatory behavior. While the movement went globally viral in 2017 following the exposure of Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein, the phrase 'Me Too' was actually coined in 2006 by activist Tarana Burke. Burke created the slogan to empower marginalized women of color who had survived sexual violence, letting them know they were not alone.

Correct: D. Myanmar (Burma)

The 8888 Uprising was a series of nationwide protests, marches, and civil resistance in Burma (now Myanmar) that peaked on August 8, 1988. The movement was a massive rejection of the oppressive, isolationist, and economically disastrous military regime of General Ne Win, who had ruled since 1962. Although the military eventually crushed the uprising in a bloody coup, killing thousands, it launched the political career of democratic icon Aung San Suu Kyi.

Correct: A. Universal suffrage for all men over 21

The Chartist movement was a massive, working-class movement for political reform in Britain that existed from 1838 to 1857. It took its name from the 'People's Charter' of 1838, a petition that demanded six massive democratic reforms, most notably universal suffrage for all men over the age of 21. While the British Parliament continuously rejected the massive petitions presented by the Chartists, their radical ideas fundamentally altered British political discourse.

Correct: C. The Hutu

The Rwandan Revolution, also known as the Social Revolution or Wind of Destruction, took place from 1959 to 1961. It resulted in the violent overthrow of the traditional Tutsi monarchy by the marginalized Hutu majority, facilitated by the shifting allegiances of the Belgian colonial authorities. The resulting violence forced hundreds of thousands of Tutsis to flee into neighboring countries, creating deep ethnic grievances that would eventually culminate in the horrific 1994 genocide.

Correct: D. A radical Orthodox priest

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread across the vast areas of the Russian Empire, directed against the Tsar and the ruling class. The revolution was violently ignited by 'Bloody Sunday' in St. Petersburg, when imperial guards fired upon a massive crowd of unarmed, peaceful petitioners led by radical Orthodox priest Georgy Gapon. The ensuing nationwide strikes and mutinies forced Tsar Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, which ostensibly created Russia's first parliament (the Duma).

Correct: A. Afghanistan

The Saur Revolution was a violent political coup in April 1978 led by the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which successfully overthrew the Afghan president. The new radical socialist government implemented harsh, extremely rapid modernization and secularization reforms, heavily suppressing traditional Islamic and tribal leaders. This triggered a massive nationwide rebellion by the mujahideen, ultimately prompting the Soviet Union to invade the country in 1979 to prop up the failing communist regime.

Correct: B. The House of Stuart

The Jacobite Risings were a series of rebellions, campaigns, and uprisings in Great Britain and Ireland spanning from 1688 to 1746. The fundamental goal of the movement was to restore the deposed Catholic monarch King James II, and his descendants of the House of Stuart, to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement finally suffered its ultimate, crushing defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, ending any hope of a Stuart restoration.

Correct: D. Taiwan

The Sunflower Student Movement was a massive political protest in Taiwan in the spring of 2014, driven largely by university students and civic groups. The protesters boldly occupied the Legislative Yuan (the national parliament) to prevent the ratification of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement with the People's Republic of China, fearing it would deeply damage Taiwan's economy and leave it vulnerable to Beijing's political pressure. The peaceful occupation lasted for 24 days and successfully forced the government to concede to the protesters' demands.