Correct: C. 1816

The Treaty of Sugauli was signed in December 1815 and ratified in March 1816, ending the Anglo-Nepalese War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. It resulted in Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to the British, including parts of modern-day Sikkim and Uttarakhand.

Correct: A. Munro

Thomas Munro introduced the Ryotwari system in the Madras Presidency in 1820, where land revenue was collected directly from the individual farmers (Ryots). This was intended to remove middlemen like Zamindars, though the high tax rates still caused significan't hardship.

Correct: B. Greek

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was fought between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta. It reshaped the ancient Greek world, ending the Golden Age of Athens and establishing Sparta as the leading power in Greece.

Correct: C. 1815

The Battle of Waterloo took place on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium. It was the final defeat of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte by the Seventh Coalition, led by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. This battle ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor and marked the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.

Correct: A. Great Britain

The Opium Wars were two conflicts fought between China (the Qing Dynasty) and the United Kingdom (and later France) during the mid-19th century. The wars were triggered by the Chinese government's attempts to stop the illegal British trade of opium, which was causing widespread addiction and economic damage in China. The Chinese defeats led to the "Unequal Treaties," which forced China to open more ports to foreign trade and cede Hong Kong to Britain.

Correct: A. Saxon

The Anglo-Saxon army of England was defeated by the Norman-French forces of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This victory marked the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England, which led to major changes in English law, language, and culture. The battle is famously depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, a 70-meter-long embroidered cloth.

Correct: B. Darius I

King Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia sent the army that was defeated by the Athenians and their allies at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. This battle was a pivotal moment in the Greco-Persian Wars, as it proved that the seemingly invincible Persian Empire could be defeated by a smaller Greek force. According to legend, a messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news of the victory, which is the origin of the modern marathon race.

Correct: B. England and France

The Hundred Years' War was a series of intermittent conflicts fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control of the French throne. Spanning from 1337 to 1453, the war actually lasted 116 years and was characterized by famous battles like Agincourt and the rise of figures like Joan of Arc. It fundamentally changed European warfare by shifting power from heavy cavalry to infantry and longbowmen.

Correct: B. USA

The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico. In the telegram, Germany promised Mexico the return of territory lost in the Mexican-American War (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona) if Mexico joined the war against the United States. The interception and publication of the telegram by British intelligence outraged the American public and was a major factor in the U.S. decision to enter World War I.

Correct: C. War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was a major European conflict triggered by the death of the childless King Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain. The war was fought between those who supported the claim of the French Bourbon prince Philip of Anjou and those who supported the Austrian Habsburg Archduke Charles. It ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, which allowed Philip to become King of Spain but forbade the unification of the French and Spanish thrones.

Correct: C. 1936

The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when a group of military officers, led by General Francisco Franco, launched a coup against the democratically elected Republican government. The conflict lasted for three years and became a proxy war for the larger ideological struggles of the era, with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supporting the Nationalists and the Soviet Union supporting the Republicans. It ended in 1939 with a Nationalist victory and the beginning of Franco's 36-year dictatorship.

Correct: A. Cornwallis

General Charles Cornwallis was the British general who was famously defeated at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, an event that effectively ended the American Revolutionary War. After being surrounded by American and French forces by land and the French navy by sea, Cornwallis was forced to surrender his entire army of 8,000 men. This defeat led the British government to begin peace negotiations that resulted in American independence.

Correct: D. Spain and Portugal

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, was an agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over newly "discovered" lands. It established a meridian line in the Atlantic Ocean; all lands to the west of the line belonged to Spain, while lands to the east belonged to Portugal. This is why most of Central and South America speaks Spanish, while Brazil speaks Portuguese.

Correct: C. War of 1812

The Treaty of Ghent, signed in December 1814, officially ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. The treaty restored the "status quo ante bellum," meaning all borders remained exactly as they were before the war. Because news traveled so slowly back then, the famous Battle of New Orleans was actually fought two weeks after the treaty had been signed!

Correct: C. War of 1812

The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and the United Kingdom, largely over the "right of search" on the high seas. This referred to the British practice of "impressment," where they would stop American ships and force sailors into the Royal Navy. Other causes included British trade restrictions during the Napoleonic Wars and their support for Native American resistance against U.S. expansion.

Correct: B. Friedrich Ebert

Friedrich Ebert, the first President of the German Weimar Republic, signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Germany on June 28, 1919 - though the actual signatories at the ceremony were Foreign Minister Hermann Müller and Justice Minister Johannes Bell. The treaty formally ended World War I but imposed harsh terms on Germany, including the 'war guilt clause,' massive reparations, loss of territory, and severe military restrictions. The humiliation of Versailles fueled resentment in Germany that contributed to the rise of Nazism.